Sports
Dispute over expert testimony pivotal in transgender sports ban


Key Points:
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Lawsuit against transgender sports ban in court
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Both sides are contesting the testimony of rival experts
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Determination will either reject or maintain ban
Disputes over the legitimacy of expert testimony are taking center stage in the legal challenge to the state ban on transgender girls participation in girls’ sports.
The case focuses on two unnamed transgender girls’ ability to play on their respective school sports teams.
However, it extends beyond the plaintiffs to incorporate a broader argument over whether there truly is a difference between the sexes in athletic performance — especially when taking gender affirming care into account — and whether those differences pose a danger to fellow athletes or create an uneven playing field.
Expert testimony plays a crucial role in any civil case, but the current dispute will determine whether the state can establish a vested government interest in categorically excluding transgender girls from school sports based on alleged threats to fairness and safety.
And those defending the law — State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Horne and some legislative leaders — have lost on the issue before.
Judge Jennifer Zipps previously granted a preliminary injunction on the law allowing the two girls to continue playing on girls’ teams, and she did so with experts and evidence at the forefront.
In her ruling, Zipps found the defendants failed to advance any “persuasive” or salient evidence finding that transgender girls retained any athletic advantage over their peers pre-puberty.
As the case queues up again in federal court for a final disposition, so do disputes over whether expert testimony is admissible, and, in the end, determinative.
Expert witnesses on both sides plan to address the developmental differences, or lack thereof, between the sexes, and the subsequent impacts on athletic performance and fairness in competition.
The plaintiffs also offer insight into the psychological impacts on transgender children who are excluded from competing.
The plaintiffs are offering three experts:
- Dr. Daniel Shumer, a pediatric endocrinologist, the clinical director of Child and Adolescent Gender Services and the medical director of the Comprehensive Gender Services Program at Michigan Medicine.
- William Shannon, a biostatician, co-founder and owner of BioRankings, a company providing data analyses and consulting to researchers.
- Stephanie Budge, a professor and director of clinical training in the Department of Counseling and Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, with a research focus on transgender, non-binary and gender diverse populations.
Defendants Horne, Senate President Warren Petersen and House Speaker Steve Montenegro submitted four experts:
- Dr. Chad Carlson, sports medicine doctor at Stadia Sports Medicine.
- Linda Blade, an athletic coach with a P.h.D. in kinesiology and author of a book titled “Unsporting: How Trans Activism and Science Denial are Destroying Sport.”
- Emma Hilton, a developmental biologist at the University of Manchester.
- Gregory Brown, a professor of exercise science at University of Nebraska Kearney.
To be deemed an expert in the eyes of the court, the Federal Rule of Evidence requires attorneys to demonstrate that an expert’s testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, the product of reliable principles and methods and reflects a reliable application to the facts of the case. And case law generally charges the courts with excluding irrelevant, unreliable or unnecessary testimony.
Petersen and Montenegro already lost a bid to exclude Shumer over alleged plagiarism after finding an overlap between his report and declarations submitted in similar court cases.
Zipps denied the motion after finding the allegations did not rise to the level necessary for exclusion, deeming Shumer fit to offer reliable opinions in the case, although she acknowledged he should have included citations.
With one challenge down, attorneys for the plaintiffs are now looking to exclude all four expert witnesses presented by Petersen, Montenegro and Horne.
Plaintiffs argue none of the experts have any experience with transgender individuals, no research specific to transgender individuals and have no tether to the two plaintiffs in the case. They also take aim at “personal opinion” and “activism” coloring testimony, noting Blade and Hilton’s frequent activity advocating against transgender women and girls in sports on social media.
“Our position is that being transgender is not a proxy for athletic performance or advantage, and there’s nothing about being transgender that tells you that. Just knowing that someone is transgender tells you nothing about their athletic ability,” Rachel Berg, attorney for the plaintiffs, said.
“There’s absolutely no evidence that they’ve submitted to demonstrate that the plaintiffs in our case have an unfair athletic advantage or pose any safety risk to other girls.”
Caitlin Fitz-Maurice, attorney for Horne, said in a written statement, “Contrary to Plaintiffs’ motion, Defendants’ experts are qualified and their testimony will be incredibly invaluable to the fact finder’s analysis as to how the Save Women’s Sports Act ensures safety and fairness for women in sports.”
The case now heads toward the final stages, with both parties having submitted their motions for summary judgment with bids to either uphold the ban or permanently enjoin it.
The 9th Circuit upheld the earlier preliminary injunction entered by Zipps and is now pending certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court.
Sports
Owens, Zukley Sweep United East Women’s Track & Field Athlete Of The Week Awards

LATHAM, N.Y. – Juniors Savannah Owens (Frederick, Md./Gov. Thomas Johnson) and Jillian Zukley (Severna Park, Md./Severna Park) of the St. Mary’s College of Maryland women’s indoor track & field team claimed the United East Conference Women’s Indoor Track and Field Athlete of the Week awards as released by the league office Tuesday (Dec. 9).
Owens was named the United East Track Athlete of the Week for the first time in her career while Zukley garnered United East Field Athlete of the Week honors for the fifth time during her indoor career.
St. Mary’s College opened the 2025-26 campaign at the Christopher Newport University Holiday Open on Dec. 6.
Owens broke a school record in her return following a year away from the Seahawks indoor and outdoor track & field teams. The 5-5 sprinter took second in the 600m with a program record of 1:44.22, breaking the previous school record of 1:49.93 set by teammate Avery Arizzi ’27 on Dec. 2, 2023. She also placed third in the 800m in 2:35.81 while leading off the fourth-place 4x400m.
Following her performance, Owens leads the conference in the 800m while ranking 18th in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Zukley qualified for the 2026 All-Atlantic Region Track & Field Conference (AARTFC) Championships (Mar. 6-7) in the weight throw in the first indoor meet of the season. The 6-3 thrower opened her junior campaign with a bang as she captured the shot put with 11.67m. She then came in second in the weight throw with a school record 15.11m, knocking off her own record of 13.79m set on Jan. 31, 2025, at the Marlin Invitational.
Zukley currently leads the league in both events while ranking fourth in the Mid-Atlantic region in weight throw and sixth in shot put.
2025-26 United East Conference Women’s Indoor Field Athletes of the Week
2025-26 United East Conference Women’s Indoor Track Athletes of the Week
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Sports
Purdue Volleyball Adds ACC All-Freshman Outside Hitter to 2026 Roster
Purdue has added a young star to its 2026 roster via the transfer portal. The Boilermakers landed a commitment from former Georgia Tech outside hitter Mimi Mambu. She comes to West Lafayette with three years of eligibility remaining.
Mambu spent her freshman season with the Yellow Jackets and was named to the ACC All-Freshman Team. She averaged 2.923 kills per set and hit .155 for the year. The 6-foot outside hitter also totaled 48 blocks and averaged 1.067 digs per set.
“What a wonderful Christmas gift to get the commitment from a smart and dynamic student-athlete,” coach Dave Shondell said in a statement. “We’re excited to have this hard-hitting high-flyer join our team after such a strong first season at Georgia Tech where she helped lead them to an NCAA tournament appearance. We watched Mimi play in high school and knew she would be a special player. Mimi learned so much about our program from Kash [Akasha Anderson] and Isabelle Bardin who are good friends from the D.C. area.”
Welcome to West Lafayette, Lameen “Mimi” Mambu! ✍️ pic.twitter.com/JW1CDDrCRR
— Purdue Volleyball (@PurdueVB) December 28, 2025
Shondell saw Mambu up close during the 2025 season. On Sept. 3, the Boilermakers hosted Georgia Tech in the Stacey Clark Classic. The Yellow Jackets won the match 3-1, and the freshman hitter ended the evening with 10 digs and seven kills.
Georgia Tech ended the year with a 16-14 record.
Mambu will likely fill a void left by Purdue senior Akasha Anderson, who proved to be one of the top hitters last season. After transferring in from Michigan State, the senior averaged 2.911 kills per set and had a .282 hitting percentage. She only got better as the season progressed.
Mambu will join a talented and experienced roster in West Lafayette. She joins All-Big Ten selections Kenna Wollard and Grace Heaney at the pin-hitter spots. She will also be playing alongside All-Big Ten setter Taylor Anderson and All-Big Ten honorable mention libero Ryan McAleer.
Purdue closed out the 2025 season with a 27-7 record and a trip to the Regional Final round of the NCAA Tournament.
Mambu had ups and downs

As any freshman might, Mambu had some highs and lows throughout her freshman campaign. She reached a double-digit kill total in 13 of Georgia Tech’s 30 matches.
Mambu also had some off days, though. On five occasions, she ended a match with a negative hit percentage. Three of those came against Louisville, Pitt, and Purdue, all of which made deep runs into the NCAA Tournament.
Mambu is a tremendous athlete with high-flying ability and a strong arm. The biggest focus for Shondell and the Boilermakers will be to develop some consistency, but Purdue’s coaching staff has proven it can correct some of those issues.
Plus, with a full year of college volleyball now under her belt, Mambu is likely to show major improvement from her freshman to sophomore season.
Get top Boilermakers stories, expert analysis, and can’t-miss moments straight to your inbox for free by signing up for the Purdue Boilermakers on SI newsletter!
Related stories on Purdue volleyball
PURDUE FRESHMAN HITS TRANSFER PORTAL: One of Purdue’s freshmen from the 2025 recruiting class entered the NCAA transfer portal and has already found a new home. CLICK HERE
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Sports
Cougars come back to win Pop-Tarts Bowl 25-21 over Georgia Tech – BYU Athletics – Official Athletics Website
Fourth Quarter
On second-and-nine, Bachmeier found Roberts in a tight window for a gain of 18. Damuni added four yards, and on third down, Roberts caught a 7-yard pass to move the chains. Bachmeier and Ryan connected for the seventh time, this time for 13 yards to pin BYU at the Yellow Jacket six-yard line. After Kingston recorded a four-yard carry, Nawahine took the direct snap and plowed into the end zone. Keeping the offense on the field to go for two, Bachmier rushed it into the end zone to cut the deficit to three.
BYU forced the game’s first three-and-out. Kingston returned the punt 34 yards to set BYU up at its 45.
Bachmeier pitched to Damuni for a gain of five on first down. The freshman running back gained one yard on the next play, but the Cougars were unable to convert on third-and-four, and Vander Haar and the punting unit returned to the field, resulting in the second three-and-out of the game.
An illegal snap penalty pushed Georgia Tech back to its four-yard line. On second-and-14, King hit Rutherford for a gain of 12, and then another illegal snap penalty was enforced on the Yellow Jackets to set up third-and-seven. Haynes got just short of the line of gain before Glasker and Tanner Wall tackled him to force a punt. Kingston returned the punt four yards and set BYU up at its own 30 with 5:44 on the clock.
Following two incomplete passes, Bachmeier found Kingston at the BYU 34, and he advanced to the 43-yard line to grab the first down. Phillips secured a 14-yard pass from Bachmeier, and then Kingston caught a 15-yard pass to cap three consecutive first downs. After an eight-yard pass to Ryan to the Georgia Tech 20, the running back room led the way, kick-started by Nawahine picking up nine yards with a hurdle over a defender. Bachmeier passed to Damuni for a gain of seven, and then the Providence, Utah product powered into the end zone for his first career touchdown. Alongside Ferrin’s extra point, the Cougars took the lead, 25-21 with two minutes left.
Ferrin’s kickoff was returned 13 yards to pin Georgia Tech at its 21. Nusi Taumoepeau and Lutui hurried King and his pass fell incomplete on first down. On the next play, King lost the ball on a low snap but recovered his fumble for a loss of five yards. On third-and-15, another pass fell incomplete, forcing fourth-and-15. On the play, King went deep to Rivers for a gain of 66 at the BYU 18 with 52 seconds on the clock. The defense held the Yellow Jackets to three-straight incomplete passes, setting up fourth down with 14 seconds remaining. King attempted to hit Haynes in the end zone but his pass was intercepted by Johnson to seal the Pop Tarts Bowl victory 25-21.
Sports
Kats take care of Biblical Studies 117-57
The Bearkats (8-4) controlled the temp on both ends of the court, shooting close to 60 percent while limiting the Ambassadors to 31 percent. Sam Houston used its height advantage to dominate the paint, outscoring Biblical Studies 62-12 and outrebounding the Houston area team 66-29.
Isaiah Manning led the Kats with a career-high 27 points to go along with 10 rebounds for his first career double-double. Freshman Jacob Walker also scored a new career high with 24 points, Veljko Illic added 16 points and nine boards, freshman Matt Dann chipped in a career-high 12 points, freshman Jacoby Coleman finished with 11 and Damon Nicholas Jr. had 10.
Sam Houston built a huge first-half lead and never looked back.
The Kats went on a 10-0 run thanks to back-to-back 3s by Walker and Manning, who added a pair of layups to grab a 23-10 advantage. Dann punched in consecutive dunks after a free throw and a two more layups by Nicholas to cap the run at 19-0 to put the game away early as the Ambassadors went more than seven minutes without scoring.
Sam Houston shot a blistering 66 percent from the field in the first half, making 25 of 40 shot attempts. The Bearkats also held Biblical Studies to just 23 percent shooting to build a commanding 59-21 lead at the break.
Conference USA action resumes Jan. 2 when Sam Houston heads to Bowling Green, Kentucky to face WKU at 4 p.m. on ESPN+.
Sports
Texas A&M star Ifenna Cos‑Okpalla signs with League One Volleyball
Dec. 28, 2025, 12:20 p.m. CT
At the end of the season, after some of the adrenaline from the Texas A&M championship run had subsided, head coach Jamie Morrison revealed that a few players on his roster would have the opportunity to compete at the next level. While he didn’t name names, we had a pretty strong idea of which standout athletes he was referring to.
On Sunday morning, it was officially announced that senior middle blocker and 2025 NCAAVB Champion Ifenna Cos-Okpalla signed a professional contract to play with League One Volleyball (LOVB) Salt Lake. She joins senior opposite Logan Lednicky in the league, who recently signed with LOVB Houston. Cos-Okpalla was also drafted by MLV but ultimately chose to pursue her career with LOVB. We knew a move was coming soon after the news broke that she had signed with Valor Sports Agency just days before this announcement.
Cos-Okpalla is one of the foundational members of this Aggie championship team, having been part of the program for all four years and choosing to stay committed when Coach Morrison arrived to take over. She elevated her game each season under his leadership, helping her reach new heights and shatter multiple program records. She will leave Texas A&M as the all-time leader in total blocks (566), the single-season block leader (199), and the program’s hitting percentage leader (.422).
It’s fair to say she will be remembered as an Aggie legend, and she now turns her focus toward new goals with a promising professional volleyball career on the horizon.
Ifenna Cos-Okpalla Career stats:
Kills: 637 / 1.70 per set
Hitting %: .372
Blocks: 565 / 1.6 per set
Aces: 41 / .12 per set
Ifenna Cos-Okpalla Career Accolades:
- 2X All-SEC Team
- 4X SEC Player of the Week
- 10X SEC Defensive Player of the Week
- AVCA All-America First Team
- 2X AVCA All-Southwest Region Team
- NCAA Championship All-Tournament Team
- NCAA Champion
Contact/Follow us @AggiesWire on X and like our page on Facebook to follow ongoing coverage of Texas A&M news, notes, and opinions. Follow Jarrett Johnson on X: @whosnextsports1.
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