The Catholic Athletic Assn., made up of 25 high schools, voted for new leagues as part of a four-year cycle on Wednesday, but the meeting ended in disagreement, disputes and a threat that Mission League schools might leave the organization.

Terry Barnum, head of athletics at Harvard-Westlake, submitted two re-leaguing plans as proposals but asked they be withdrawn in favor of others as had been done in the past. It was refused. One of the plans was adopted by a 14-11 vote for football only, and now Barnum vows to appeal on procedural grounds and believes his fellow Mission League members will look to leave the CAA and form their own area.

Barnum and other Mission League representatives wanted the football-only proposal pulled. The fact it wasn’t could cause Mission League schools to pull out of the CAA, Barnum said.

He said that eight years ago in the last CAA meeting on reconfiguring league members, proposals were allowed to be withdrawn, setting a precedent. “We believe precedent and procedures were not followed,” Barnum said.

“What today showed is that there’s an ideological difference and divide in parochial schools and the Mission League,” he said. “We will never be in position to control our own destiny and rules will be bent and circumvented in order for the Mission League not to control our destiny.”

Barnum is well-respected within the CIF hierarchy as a member of the Southern Section executive committee and CAA executive committee. He said he plans to appeal the decision to the Southern Section but first must receive support from fellow Mission League members. His philosophy is to keep Mission League schools together for almost all sports. They are Harvard-Westlake, Crespi, Sierra Canyon, Sherman Oaks Notre Dame, Loyola, St. Francis, Bishop Alemany and Chaminade.

The CAA meeting was originally scheduled for last Wednesday, then changed after supposedly not enough time had been given as notice to satisfy the Brown Act. Barnum said he believes the delay was designed to “allow a group of schools to rally themselves around a plan” they wanted.

For wounded chimpanzees, help sometimes comes in the form of first aid — care rendered not by humans but by other chimps.

New research reveals the nature and prevalence of these rarely witnessed events. Thirty years of observations in Uganda’s Budongo Forest reveal that chimp-administered health care — both ape-to-ape care and self-care — happens frequently there, say primatologist Elodie Freymann of the University of Oxford and colleagues. She suspects these behaviors, occasionally glimpsed outside of Budongo, are widespread among chimps.

Chimps’ healing ways also hint at the possible origins of a similar impulse in humans.

Concern for other apes’ well-being “offers evidence that some of the foundations of human medicine — recognizing suffering, applying treatments and caring for others — are not uniquely human, but part of our deep evolutionary heritage,” says Christine Webb, a primatologist at Harvard University who was not involved in the research.

From the 1990s through 2022, 34 incidents of self-care were recorded at Budongo, Freymann and colleagues report May 14 in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. Some were hygienic acts, like wiping with leaves after bowel movements or mating. Several others resembled first aid applied after attacks by other chimps, or being caught in human-laid snares. Licking wounds and dabbing them with leaves were the most observed acts of self-care. Some saliva and plants contain antimicrobial compounds that might prevent infection, the researchers say.

In seven other instances, a chimp helped another chimp. And the helping hand wasn’t extended just to kin but also to unrelated individuals in need.

In one extraordinary display, a male freed an unrelated female from a snare set for game, probably saving her life. Snares frequently entangle chimps in Budongo and elsewhere in Africa, Freymann says, and it’s well-documented that the apes help free each other.

“The fact that chimpanzees treat not only themselves but also others suggests a level of social awareness that is too often underestimated,” Webb says. “It hints at an empathic sensitivity that we typically reserve for our own species.”

Freymann saw that sensitivity in two young unrelated males — one pressing his lips to and licking the other’s wound — behavior that wasn’t without risk. “I thought, wow, that’s potentially dangerous for them, that’s potentially exposing him to pathogens or contagious diseases,” Freymann says. “But he’s doing it anyway. You see camaraderie … maybe they will one day be rivals, and they’re literally licking each other’s wounds,” she says.

The origins of this apparent altruism is unclear, but Freymann saw firsthand how health care behaviors might spread from ape to ape. In 2021, a chimp named Kirabo put chewed-up bark on his wounded knee, while a youngster looked on attentively. It was “an indication that the chimp is trying to socially learn something,” Freymann says. She also found an incident recorded from 2008, in which a young female named Night, observing her mother Nambi nurse a vaginal injury after a violent attack, copied the technique — applying a chewed and folded leaf to Nambi’s swollen area.

For most injured chimps in Budongo, however, a helping hand doesn’t come, Freymann says — and she doesn’t yet understand why. “If chimps sometimes know how to help others get out of snares, for example, why aren’t they helping all chimps get out?” she asks. “Why are they being selective about this care, and why do some chimps seem to warrant it, while others don’t?”

Vote below for the Messenger/Herald girls athlete of the week.

The poll is for performances from May 5 to May 10. The poll runs from 3 p.m. Monday until 3 p.m. Wednesday.

Please send athlete of week nominations for next week’s poll to mhorn@gannett.com.

Candidates

Ariah Farrar had four hits, including a home run and a double, as Clyde softball topped Carey.

Effie Schulte won the 200 and was part of two first-place relays for Oak Harbor at the Ottawa County Meet.

Olivia Emerson hit for the cycle as Port Clinton softball beat Margaretta.

This study found that participants reported a significant amount of self-injury, averaging 109.27, highlighting a substantial engagement in these behaviors, often driven by difficulties in managing emotions. Participants demonstrated varying coping strategies, reflected in average scores of 40 for cognitive emotion regulation and 63.72 for behavioral emotion regulation. Crucially, we observed strong negative correlations between both cognitive regulation (r = -0.64, p = 0.001) and behavioral regulation (r = -0.73, p = 0.001) and self-injury. This means that poorer cognitive regulation and more pronounced behavioral regulation were linked to higher instances of self-injury. Further analysis, using multiple regression, confirmed that these two emotion regulation styles accounted for 42% of the variation in self-injury, with behavioral regulation showing a particularly strong predictive effect. In essence, these results emphasize the critical role of emotion regulation interventions in supporting adolescents vulnerable to self-injury.

The present study revealed a concerning prevalence of self-injury among Iranian adolescent athletes. While self-injurious behavior can be transient, this study, conducted at a specific point in time, offers a valuable snapshot of prevalence within this population. This finding aligns with broader research indicating the presence of self-injury among youth. In this line, it is estimated that 3–7% of adolescents meet the criteria for self-injury [33]. Previous studies have shown that 32% of children and adolescents suffer from some type of anxiety disorder [34]. This suffering can be due to lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, or feelings of hopelessness due to poor social and academic performance [35]. Studies indicate that between 30% and 50% of these cases of anxiety in adolescents are associated with another type of behavioral disorder such as self-injurious behavior, aggressive behaviors, eating disorders, and conduct disorder [36]. Furthermore, 80% of adolescents with these conditions do not receive any professional treatment or care [37]. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize attention to adolescents, particularly regarding self-injurious behaviors.

Furthermore, results of the present study indicated a significant negative relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and self-injury. This suggests that improved cognitive emotion regulation skills may serve as a protective factor against self-injury. This aligns with theoretical frameworks of self-injury, such as the experiential avoidance model [38], and the cognitive-emotional model [39, 40], which emphasize the role of poor cognitive emotion regulation in self-injury. These models posit that difficulties in cognitive emotion regulation contribute to self-injury by hindering individuals’ ability to manage distressing emotions effectively.

In the specific context of adolescent athletes, the interplay between cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation and self-injury may exhibit unique characteristics [23]. While general models highlight the protective role of strong emotion regulation, the high-pressure environment of competitive sports could potentially exacerbate emotion regulation deficits [1]. Athletes may experience intense performance anxiety, pressure to succeed, and fear of failure, which could overwhelm their coping mechanisms. Additionally, the emphasis on physical strength and emotional resilience within sports culture might discourage athletes from seeking help for emotional distress, leading to maladaptive coping strategies like self-injury. Therefore, it might be the reason that adolescent athletes may face heightened challenges in emotion regulation compared to non-athlete populations.

Furthermore, the present findings resonate with Hasking, Whitlock, Voon and Rose [40] cognitive-emotional model of self-injury. This model incorporates the role of specific cognitions about self-injury alongside emotional experience and regulation. Individuals exhibiting heightened emotional reactivity, difficulty tolerating distress, and impaired emotion regulation, coupled with a belief in their inability to resist self-injurious urges and an expectation of positive outcomes from self-injury, demonstrate a higher likelihood of engaging in these behaviors. Conversely, individuals without a history of self-injury typically possess stronger self-efficacy beliefs regarding their ability to resist such urges [40].

On the other hand, the present study found a significant negative relationship between behavioral emotion regulation and self-injury. Previous study on behavioral emotion regulation and self-injury has almost exclusively focused on the idea that poor behavioral emotion regulation are risk factors for self-injury [18, 24]. The present study showed that behavioral emotion regulation and self-injury actually have a bidirectional and inverse relationship, such that engaging in self-injury may impair emotion regulation. This finding is consistent with personal accounts of individuals with a history of self-injury who are often afraid that disclosing self-injury will damage their relationships with coaches, teammate and family [5, 41, 42]. The present finding can be explained by the theory of emotional processes in the psychophysiological arousal model [43]. Defective processes in emotion analysis can play a significant role in self-injurious behavior. Unstable, impulsive, and out-of-control emotions can lead to self-injury and suicide. Pervious systematic review studies [19, 36] identified higher rates of self-injury among individuals with unstable emotions. Therefore, it seems that behavioral regulation and attention to healthy behavioral coping styles can play a significant role in reducing self-injury. Our finding is in line with Adrian, Zeman and Veits [44] and Sim, Adrian, Zeman, Cassano and Friedrich [45]. As a result, access to behavioral and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, defined as “beliefs and behaviors to use when a person is upset,” is important. Our finding, consistent with the claim of Gratz and Roemer [46] showed that after controlling for other aspects of impaired emotion regulation, a significant association with self-injury remained.

The results of the present study showed that cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation can predict the level of self-injury. Adolescents with poor emotion regulation usually report self-injury [40]. Consistent with previous research [47, 48], the present study found significant negative correlations between emotion regulation and self-injury. These findings suggest that poorer behavioral and cognitive emotion regulation is associated with increased self-injury. However, given the cross-sectional design of this study, we can only establish associations, not causal pathways. Further longitudinal or experimental research is needed to determine the direction and nature of this relationship.

In therapeutic interventions for adolescent athletes who engage in self-injury, it’s beneficial to prioritize the development of stronger, more supportive relationships with coaches and peers. Specifically, fostering trust, open communication, and a sense of warmth within these key relationships can be a valuable component of the intervention [24, 49]. In addition, addressing cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation appears promising for reducing adolescent self-injury. Educational programs that frame self-injury as a maladaptive emotional regulation strategy may enhance coaches’ and teammates’ understanding, facilitating more effective support for adolescents struggling with emotions like fear or sadness. Furthermore, prioritizing coaches’ self-care may prove beneficial. While this study confirms the predictive power of emotion regulation in relation to self-injury, further investigation is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms and contextual factors that exacerbate the link between emotion dysregulation and self-injury [24].

This finding is consistent with previous research showing that difficulty in regulating behavioral and cognitive emotion is a predictor of self-injury [46]. According to various theories, a person who has difficulty in emotion regulation is more likely to self-injure. This claim is consistent with the experiential avoidance model [38] and general emotion regulation models [5]. Self-injury is used as a tool of maladaptive emotional expression in some adolescents. This strategy will not be effective and negative emotions will continue and even become dominant. One of the important factors in the continuation of self-injury is the belief in the inefficiency of emotion regulation. This distinction is very important clinically, because it points to the possibility of reconstructing cognitions about the effectiveness of emotion regulation as an important aspect of self-injury treatment. As a result, the present study has the clinical benefit value of emotional regulation in an adolescent athlete.

While this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between emotion regulation and self-injury among Iranian adolescent athletes, it is important to acknowledge the limitations regarding generalizability. The findings may not be directly applicable to non-athlete adolescents or those from different cultural backgrounds. Cultural variations in emotion regulation strategies and self-injury motivations could significantly influence the observed associations. For example, the unique stressors and cultural norms within the Iranian athletic context may contribute to specific patterns of emotion regulation and self-injury that differ from those seen in other populations. Therefore, caution is warranted when extrapolating these results to broader populations. Future research should explore these relationships in diverse samples to enhance the generalizability of the findings. The current study suggests that coaches and teammates could play a role in intervention efforts, given their frequent interaction with adolescent athletes. However, it’s important to acknowledge that this suggestion is based on the context of the athletic environment rather than direct empirical evidence within this study. The role of parental influence, school-based mental health services, and professional therapeutic interventions was not explicitly examined, which limits our understanding of the broader support network. Future research should investigate the efficacy of multi-faceted intervention approaches, including the involvement of parents, school counselors, and mental health professionals, to develop comprehensive and effective support systems for adolescent athletes at risk of self-injury. A more thorough exploration of these diverse intervention strategies would enhance the practical implications of our findings and inform the development of targeted support programs. Furthermore, third limitation of this study is the absence of a confirmatory factor analysis to re-evaluate the structural validity of the Self-Injurious Behaviors Scale, Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire within our specific adolescent athlete population. While these scales have demonstrated adequate validity in previous research, including studies with adolescent samples, we did not specifically assess their factor structure within this unique group. Therefore, while we relied on established validity from prior studies, future research should consider examining the factor structure of these instruments within adolescent athlete populations to ensure their applicability and accuracy in this context.