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UT Dallas Researchers Create Low-Cost ‘Artificial Muscles’ That Could Power the Future of Smart Clothing and Robotics » Dallas Innovates

Mengmeng Zhang, left, a research scientist at UT Dallas’ NanoTech Institute and lead author of the study, wears a U.S. Olympic team jacket embedded with artificial muscles created using an earlier, mandrel-wrapped process. At right is Ray Baughman, director of the NanoTech Institute. [Photo: UTD] Researchers at UT Dallas’ NanoTech Institute have developed a low-cost […]

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Researchers at UT Dallas’ NanoTech Institute have developed a low-cost method to fabricate artificial muscles that could open new doors for robotics, energy harvesting, and smart clothing.

But these “muscles” aren’t biological—they’re engineered fibers that behave something like them. When triggered by heat or electricity, the fibers contract, expand, or twist, producing motion without motors.

In this case, polymer yarns are a type of smart material that respond to temperature changes. The UT Dallas team’s advance could move this lab innovation closer to real-world use in clothing, robotics, and other systems that need quiet, energy-efficient movement.

In a study published March 7 in Science, the team describes a mandrel-free technique for making the springlike, thermally driven polymer muscles that can stretch up to 97% of their original length and achieve a spring index over 50.

“High-spring-index yarns can be made much less expensively by this mandrel-free method,” said Dr. Mengmeng Zhang, a research scientist at UT Dallas’ Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute and lead author of the study. “When heated and cooled, these muscles can significantly contract and elongate due to their large spring index.”

Mandrel-free-fabricated coiled polymer fibers: Springs with a small spring index are tightly wound and stiffer than those with a higher index, which are more loosely wound and more flexible, such as a Slinky toy. Individual fiber diameter is 0.28 millimeters.
[Photo: UTD]

Innovation enables movement without motors

Traditionally, high-spring-index artificial muscles are made by wrapping fibers around a mandrel, then dissolving it—a costly process that wastes materials. The new method eliminates the mandrel altogether.

“The problem has been that there are no process reports for making mandrel-free, large-spring-index yarns other than to dissolve the mandrel after muscle coiling, which wastes the large-diameter polymer fiber that is typically used as a mandrel and creates a waste stream,” said Dr. Ray Baughman, senior and co-corresponding author and director of the NanoTech Institute.

Using dynamic covalent chemistry, the team created fibers that twist and ply themselves into springlike coils—each fiber acting as a mandrel for another. The resulting artificial muscles vary in stiffness and flexibility and can be tuned for different uses.

The research was funded by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and The Welch Foundation.

From Olympic jackets to energy harvesters

The same team previously licensed mandrel-wrapped artificial muscle technology to a clothing manufacturer, which integrated the fibers into jackets worn by the U.S. team during the 2022 Winter Olympics. But the process was too costly for commercial rollout.

“Our new mandrel-free method for making high-spring-index coiled fiber avoids this major problem, so it may soon enable the commercialization of new comfort-adjusting jackets,” Baughman said.

Beyond clothing, the muscles could be used in devices that harvest mechanical energy or function as self-powered strain sensors. Zhang said the method even allows for variable spring indexes along a single fiber, enhancing adaptability.

The strokes of contraction and expansion are heat-driven, either through electricity, solvents, or electrochemical methods.

Broad team

Other co-authors include:

  • Dr. Shaoli Fang, associate research professor and co-corresponding author

  • Chemistry doctoral student Ishara Ekanayake

  • Former researchers Dr. Jiyoung Oh and Zhong Wang (PhD ’21)

  • Researchers from Texas State University, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, and Lintec of America

The team has applied for a patent on the technology.


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R E A D   N E X T

  • North Texas has plenty to see, hear, and watch. Here are our editors’ picks. Plus, you’ll find more selections to “save the date.”

  • Dallas’ climate plan, deemed a national leader by the Brookings Institution in 2022, is coming up on its five-year mark. Integration architect Julie Hiromoto and globe-trotting brain health policy expert Dr. Harris A. Eyre are exploring how the city’s Comprehensive Environmental and Climate Action Plan (CECAP) could benefit from a “Brain Capital” boost. Now, they believe, is the time to “formally incorporate this lever for transformative systems change.” Their work could reshape how cities approach sustainability, starting in Dallas. 

  • UT Dallas researcher Dr. Walter Voit transformed Minecraft’s 170-million-player universe into an advanced virtual training ground—for students and for AI agents tested by DARPA. His team’s Polycraft World uses gameplay to turn classroom theory into real-world expertise, covering topics from synthetic organic chemistry to nuclear plants to semiconductor facilities. Their new startup company, Pedegree Studios, has licensed the core technologies from the university to create a scalable digital pipeline for education and workforce development.

  • Combining cutting-edge research and real-world applications, the UT Dallas professor transforms public health with innovations in detection technology, including “a check engine light” for the human body. In collaboration with EnLiSense, the company she cofounded, Dr. Prasad combines chemistry with software and hardware to bring the technology to life as market-ready devices.

  • The southern half of Dallas County is home to just over 1.05 million residents. That’s about 40% of the total number of people who call Dallas County home—and roughly 200,000 more than the entire population of San Francisco. Coupled with the fact that Dallas-Fort Worth is emerging as a top life science market, as documented in a 2023 CBRE report, you can see why the DeSoto Development Corp. is including an 80-acre Life Sciences Innovation Core among its major projects. “In terms of economic development, research shows that it’s more effective when it happens regionally,” says Matt Carlson, DDC’s chief…



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Connexa Sports Technologies Updates Director Compensation Structure

Confident Investing Starts Here: Connexa Sports Technologies ( (YYAI) ) has provided an announcement. On June 12, 2025, Warren Andrew Thomson resigned from the board of directors of Connexa Sports Technologies Inc., effective immediately. His resignation was not due to any disagreements with the company. On June 18, 2025, the board approved a change in […]

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Confident Investing Starts Here:

Connexa Sports Technologies ( (YYAI) ) has provided an announcement.

On June 12, 2025, Warren Andrew Thomson resigned from the board of directors of Connexa Sports Technologies Inc., effective immediately. His resignation was not due to any disagreements with the company. On June 18, 2025, the board approved a change in compensation for non-employee directors, moving from quarterly cash payments and stock grants to an annual cash compensation of $60,000, with retroactive payments owed to each director.

Spark’s Take on YYAI Stock

According to Spark, TipRanks’ AI Analyst, YYAI is a Underperform.

YYAI’s overall stock score reflects significant financial and operational challenges. Declining revenues, negative profitability, and high liabilities weigh heavily. Technical indicators show a bearish trend, and valuation metrics are poor, with the recent earnings call adding further uncertainty.

To see Spark’s full report on YYAI stock, click here.

More about Connexa Sports Technologies

Average Trading Volume: 190,870

Technical Sentiment Signal: Sell

Current Market Cap: $12.52M

Find detailed analytics on YYAI stock on TipRanks’ Stock Analysis page.

Disclaimer & Disclosure

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Colab Platforms Empowers Unified Sports Ecosystem Drives Sports Innovation for Athletes, Fans from India Gaming Industry

Colab Platforms Ltd NEW DELHI, June 18, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Colab Platforms is created by visionaries passionate about transforming the sports industry. By merging technology, management, and content, they redefine how sports are played, managed, and experienced at every level. Colab Cloud Platforms Limited changed its name to Colab Platforms Limited on February 10, […]

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Colab Platforms Ltd
Colab Platforms Ltd

NEW DELHI, June 18, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Colab Platforms is created by visionaries passionate about transforming the sports industry. By merging technology, management, and content, they redefine how sports are played, managed, and experienced at every level.

Colab Cloud Platforms Limited changed its name to Colab Platforms Limited on February 10, 2025. This change was approved by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and was communicated to the stock exchange

Colab Platforms Ltd., a BSE-listed Indian company (BSE: 542866), is a leading technology solutions provider and is excited to announce its strategic expansion into the Sports Management and Sports Technology sectors.

According to Brainy Insights, a global market research firm, the global sports market was valued at $480.12 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.6%, reaching $506.93 billion in 2024.

India’s sports and fitness sector is expected to reach a massive ₹50,000 crore (approximately USD 6 billion) market size, driven by rising health awareness, digital platform adoption, and increased sports participation. Colab Platform aims to capitalize on this growing opportunity by delivering tech-enabled solutions tailored to the needs of modern sports consumers and professionals.

Sports Marketplace – Learn, Play & Shop. The Sports Ecosystem Marketplace is a one-stop platform where athletes and sports lovers can Learn, Play, and Shop all in one place. Book top coaches and academies to level up your game, play by finding and booking turfs, stadiums, and other sports infrastructure nearby, and shop for high-quality gear, accessories, and nutrition from trusted brands. It’s your all-in-one hub to train, compete, and gear up with ease.

Colab Cloud will leverage its expertise across key segments of the sports industry. This expansion includes advanced solutions for managing sports Intellectual Properties (IPs), fan engagement platforms, and immersive Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) experiences.

By integrating cutting-edge technologies into the sports and gaming sectors, Colab aims to drive innovation and transformation. This approach will streamline operations, enhance fan engagement, and unlock new market opportunities. The company intends to deliver tailored solutions in sports management, technology, and marketing, aiming to become a key player in the evolving sports ecosystem.

Software as a superpower: As a next-gen hub for sports excellence, Colab platform drives the industry forward through dynamic sports marketing, strategic management, and a powerful ecosystem that supports every stakeholder. By consolidating all facets of the sports world into one platform, we are not only scaling opportunities but also fuelling the rise of every sport from local games to global leagues empowering every player, every dream, and every game.



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Judy Rankin Raises Bar in KPMG Womens PGA with $12M Record Purse

In a groundbreaking move, the KPMG Women’s PGA Championship is shaking up the golf world with a jaw-dropping $12 million purse for its upcoming tournament. This purse increase now puts the championship on par with the prestigious U.S. Women’s Open, setting the stage for an epic showdown amongst the top players in the game. Scheduled […]

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In a groundbreaking move, the KPMG Women’s PGA Championship is shaking up the golf world with a jaw-dropping $12 million purse for its upcoming tournament. This purse increase now puts the championship on par with the prestigious U.S. Women’s Open, setting the stage for an epic showdown amongst the top players in the game.

Scheduled to take place at the Fields Ranch East course at PGA Frisco from June 19-22, this year’s championship promises to be bigger and better than ever before. With the top 100 players in the Race to CME Globe rankings in the 156-player field, fans can expect nothing short of thrilling competition and fierce battles on the green.

But the excitement doesn’t stop there. The tournament will also feature a star-studded broadcast coverage, offering nearly 100 hours of live action across NBC, Golf Channel, and Peacock. For the first time ever, fans can tune in to Featured Groups presented by KPMG and T-Mobile for Business on Peacock, adding an extra layer of excitement to the viewing experience.

Moreover, players and fans alike can look forward to groundbreaking technological advancements at this year’s championship. From AI-powered analysis to innovative scoring targets, KPMG is revolutionizing the way players approach the game. With the introduction of KPMG Performance Insights Daily Recap, players will receive unparalleled insights and data to elevate their performance to new heights.

Paul Knopp, KPMG U.S. Chair and CEO, expressed his enthusiasm for the tournament, stating, “KPMG’s commitment to excellence extends to women’s golf, and through our collaboration with the PGA of America and LPGA Tour, the KPMG Women’s PGA Championship is the best event on the LPGA Tour.” Knopp emphasized the championship’s high purse, top-notch courses, comprehensive broadcast coverage, and cutting-edge technology as setting a new standard in the world of golf.

As the countdown to the championship begins, all eyes are on the KPMG Women’s PGA as it gears up to deliver an unforgettable and game-changing event that will leave a lasting mark on the sport.



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Garmin’s new Index sleep tracker lasts a full week between charges

Garmin has announced a new sleep-tracking band that can be strapped to your upper arm, which could make it more comfortable to wear overnight. The Index Sleep Monitor tracks sleep stages, heart rate, and even your breathing to create a “comprehensive view of overall fitness and recovery,” with a personalized sleep score delivered every morning […]

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Garmin has announced a new sleep-tracking band that can be strapped to your upper arm, which could make it more comfortable to wear overnight. The Index Sleep Monitor tracks sleep stages, heart rate, and even your breathing to create a “comprehensive view of overall fitness and recovery,” with a personalized sleep score delivered every morning so you know how well you slept, according to Garmin.

The Index Sleep Monitor is now available through Garmin’s online store in S-M and L-XL sizes for $169.99. The tracking is handled by a small, removable electronic module that features motion sensors and an optical heart rate sensor that Garmin says will run for up to seven days between charges.

In addition to tracking your light, deep, and REM sleep stages throughout the night, the Index can also measure your respiration rates, and, when paired with blood oxygen saturation measurements (a feature not available in all countries) it can help you “better understand shifts in breathing patterns while sleeping.”

A thermometer monitors skin temperature, which can provide insights into how your environment is affecting your sleep while also flagging possible illnesses. Those temperature measurements also provide more insight into women’s health monitoring, including menstrual cycles, “improved period predictions,” and past ovulation estimates. However, Garmin says the Index is “not a medical device and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or monitoring of any medical condition.” The company also says it should not be used as a conception or birth control tool.

Other health-related metrics that are monitored and made available through the Garmin Connect mobile app include estimates on stress levels based on sleep patterns, a Body Battery measurement letting you know if you’re low on energy and need more rest. Heart rate variability (HRV), which is a measure of the varying times between heartbeats, can also be used to assess if your body is dealing with increased stress or fatigue helping you know if you need to address issues with your sleep.

These are all metrics that can be measured using Garmin’s other smart wearables and many smartwatches, but only if you’re wearing them every single night. For those who prefer to charge their watches at night so their battery is full every morning, the Index Sleep Monitor provides an alternative way to track sleep metrics that’s also free of distracting notifications. The Index Sleep Monitor does have vibration capabilities, but they’re instead used as part of a smart alarm feature that only tries to wake you during lighter sleep stages.



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Tournament Timekeeping Partnerships : UEFA Women’s EURO 2025

Hublot will once again serve as the ‘Official Timekeeper’ for UEFA Women’s EURO 2025, reaffirming its enduring relationship with elite soccer. As a proud Swiss brand, Hublot returns to home soil, building on its inaugural partnership during the 2022 championship in England. Throughout the tournament, Hublot’s presence will be both functional and symbolic. The iconic […]

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Hublot will once again serve as the ‘Official Timekeeper’ for UEFA Women’s EURO 2025, reaffirming its enduring relationship with elite soccer. As a proud Swiss brand, Hublot returns to home soil, building on its inaugural partnership during the 2022 championship in England.

Throughout the tournament, Hublot’s presence will be both functional and symbolic. The iconic ‘Big Bang’ fourth official’s board will be prominently used for substitutions and added time, while branded broadcast graphics and LED stadium displays will ensure visibility across global audiences. Additionally, match officials will be equipped with the ‘Big Bang e Gen 3,’ a connected timepiece engineered for real-time match operations.

Further extending its influence, Hublot’s vibrant 20th anniversary ‘Big Bang Collection’ will be worn by players, coaches, and commentators alike, bridging design and sporting excellence.

Image Credit: Hublot



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Industry Leaders Outline a New Era at ATN Innovation Summit Day 2

From Anthony Geisler’s White House ambitions to cutting-edge insights on GLP-1s and sleep, day two of the ATN Summit revealed a bold, multi-front strategy for the future of movement and human performance Anthony Geisler, founder of Sequel Brands, opened day two of the ATN Innovation Summit 2025 by introducing his newly launched fitness franchisor, Sequel. […]

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From Anthony Geisler’s White House ambitions to cutting-edge insights on GLP-1s and sleep, day two of the ATN Summit revealed a bold, multi-front strategy for the future of movement and human performance

Anthony Geisler, founder of Sequel Brands, opened day two of the ATN Innovation Summit 2025 by introducing his newly launched fitness franchisor, Sequel.

“We started building this company, Sequel, about a year ago to culminate everything (we’ve) done in fitness,” Geisler said. “But this time, we want to do something bigger. We want to do something more innovative, and we want to actually go lead the industry.”

Sequel currently houses four boutique fitness brands and is preparing to announce a fifth.

“We said, ‘We’re stopping at five.’ I don’t know if we’ll stop at five,” he added.

Geisler also described Sequel’s alignment with national health efforts and his collaboration with the Trump Administration to launch a “fitness commission” as part of the “Make America Healthy Again Movement,” which he referred to as the “Make America Move Again” initiative.

“Five years ago, literally, our entire industry was illegal,” he said, referencing pandemic-era gym closures.

“This isn’t a one-year plan or a two-year plan,” Geisler said. “This is a (long-term) plan to continue to push fitness into the White House, into the mainstream.”

Fitness Consumers, AI & Human Connection

Liz Plosser led a discussion with executives from Echelon, Les Mills and Fitness on Demand about evolving consumer expectations and technology’s role in fitness delivery.

Andy Peat, CEO, Fitness on Demand, noted increased interest in mobility, stretching, strength training and live Pilates reformer classes.

Lou Lentine, CEO and founder, Echelon, said, “The same thing that’s working at the gym is working online.”

“Strength increases mind/body connection,” added Sean Turner, CEO, Les Mills U.S., highlighting the growing popularity of pre- and post-workout recovery.

On brick-and-mortar operations, Turner said: “Most people in the room need both,” citing digital’s role in enhancing flexibility and convenience.

In a discussion about content value in a saturated market, Peat noted the evolution of digital from a convenience screen to a personalized tool for form-checking and comprehensive training.

Lentine emphasized the importance of instructor connection: “We want our users to feel a connection to their instructors. They can see who is in the class, how many classes they’ve done this week. We know all that information from our studio. But it’s really about the connection that they have with the instructor.”

Echelon avoids celebrity instructors for this reason, favoring a more relatable presence.

On AI, Peat stated, “It won’t replace an instructor.” Lentine agreed: “I won’t think AI will replace an instructor or coach.” He shared that Echelon worked with Amazon to build an AI platform embedded in gym apps for better efficiency and cost savings.

Turner added that AI supports performance improvement through coaching analysis and customer insights.

“Ultimately, the biggest opportunity is how do we deepen the human experience, both physical and mental?” said Turner.

Dr. Frank Lipman on Responsible Longevity

Dr. Frank Lipman, founder of Eleven Elven Wellness Center, discussed the advancing yet incomplete science of healthy aging.

“Microbiome science is not particularly accurate,” he said. “These microbiome tests, they’re all bulls*** … But the microbiome is probably really, really important for most of us to stay healthy.”

He addressed gender biases in medicine: “As physicians, we don’t take women as seriously as men. If men can’t get erections, there’s a drug, but if women have pain during sex, they’re just getting older.”

He cautioned against the use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in young men who want children:

“If you’re giving hormones to young men … very common side effects are (shrinking) testicles, and that can cause infertility. So I think it’s irresponsible to give testosterone to young guys who still want to have kids.”

Additional perspectives from Dr. Lipman included:

  • “I’m obsessed with ketones. … I think ketones are one of the next big things.”
  • “I love peptides… I think anyone over 50 should probably be on hormones.”
  • “The next 10–20 years of my life are going to be about how do we get this message (longevity medicine) out in a responsible way.”

The Evolution of ClassPass & An AI Call To Action

Fritz Lanman, CEO of Playlist (parent of Mindbody, ClassPass and Booker), urged the industry to embrace artificial intelligence.

“I think it’s important for this industry to hear … that we’re not going to be replaced by AI,” Lanman said.

“It’s really amazing, but it’s not going to fully replace humans,” he added. “What it is going to do is empower and democratize the ability to do really deep and incredible analytics, really great personalized marketing and things like that to help businesses … grow and be more effective. So I see us heading toward an age of human augmentation, not substitution.”

“It’s incumbent on operators to use these tools,” he said. “If you’re not using ChatGPT already, you’re behind the game.”

ATN’s Edward Hertzman (l) and Playlist’s Fritz Lanman (credit: Flickman Media)

Addressing ClassPass concerns, Lanman clarified its intended purpose:

“I think the two biggest misconceptions would be, one: (ClassPass) can’t save a business that’s not going to work on its own, and two: you shouldn’t use it primarily for lead generation, you should use it for excess capacity and innovation.”

Peloton’s Focus on Community & Software

Nick Caldwell, chief product officer at Peloton, spoke about product innovation and AI.

“I think there’s never been a better time to apply technology to meet our customer needs.”

Caldwell highlighted a shift from hardware to software innovation and reinforced the importance of human touch:

“Peloton Instructors are a ‘superpower’ to the brand. They will not be replaced by AI.”

“We have to go beyond offering just what we see on the leaderboard, high fives and hashtags — that’s a great starting point,” Caldwell said. “But our members crave more and we see that through communities being created on external platforms, like Facebook, Twitter, where hundreds of thousands of our members are trying to find ways to come together, share fitness tips and support each other.”

Hertzman and Peloton’s Nick Caldwell (credit: Flickman Media)

He noted success with Peloton’s smaller-format micro stores and plans to expand.

“We’re seeing a very significant amount of home use,” he said, particularly in strength training.

“Peloton is here to stay,” he concluded, praising CEO Peter Stern: “Peter Stern has done a phenomenal job.”

Fitness Leaders on GLP-1s & Monetization

Panelists from “Fit Tech Playbook” agreed on the growing importance of centralized data and AI in fitness.

See Also


Jeff Zwiefel, former Life Time executive and now head of Miora, said:“35% of Americans say they want to be on it [GLP-1s]… members are three times more likely to exercise once on the medications.”

Cyrus Massoumi, CEO and founder of Dr. B, cautioned: “Consumers should change their diet and undergo a fitness regimen for at least six months before they even begin taking GLP-1s.”

“We only actually prescribe (GLP-1s) to people who commit to working out,” he added.

“You can’t change what you don’t measure,” said Mitchell Keyes, vice president of global operations for Anytime Fitness. Edward Zouroudis, co-founder and CEO of Evolt, noted: “There are many opportunities,” including supplements, nutrition products and meal planning.

“As you educate the consumer, you empower the consumer — and as they become more empowered, they just care a little bit more. And that’s where you really transpire from being a trainer to a coach,” said Keyes.

Zwiefel summarized: “It’s a megatrend — it’s here to stay.”

The Business of Sleep

Executives from Sleep.ai, Mattress Firm and Therabody emphasized the expanding role of sleep in health and business.

“Sleep is the great connector,” said Tim Roberts, vice president of science and education at Therabody.

Chief digital officer George Hanson of Mattress Firm added, “As soon as you start to recognize the opportunity that sleep has in your unique business or service, it’s the first step to doing more, seeking the right partners and finding the right opportunities.”

“Sleep sits adjacent to every product and every experience, because we are humans,” Hanson said.

“We’re at this incredible opportunity where we have more data than ever, more personalized insights and then AI on top of this… It’s really the perfect storm,” Roberts said.

Colin Lawlor, founder and CEO of Sleep.ai, concluded, “The reality is, how they sleep is how they engage with you and your service.”

M&A Lessons From the Field

Pete Moore, managing partner, Integrity Square, moderated a discussion on M&A strategy, featuring leaders from Crunch.

“Our goal is to grow from 50 locations to 100/150,” shared Mark Federico, CEO of Fitness Holdings.

He emphasized real conversations and market readiness: “The ability to take a competitor out goes into the equation, but also we say there are certain things we need to rebrand… If rebranding costs more, we weigh the costs and downsides versus the benefits.”

Terry Blachek, CEO of Austin Fitness Group, described early expansion via joint ventures: “Until we got a private equity deal, I was on the line for $20 million of new locations.”

“Nail it before you scale it,” he advised.

Federico warned against premature expansion: “Take on what you can handle.”

“Don’t be so committed to what you want that you are not willing to take something better… You have walk-away power,” said Blachek. “The person who controls the relationship is the one who has less interest in it.”

Look for more in-depth coverage of the sessions in the upcoming days and weeks. 





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